Exploring options for advancing Kosovo-NATO relations

Vërejtje: Ky shkrim momentalisht është vetëm në versionin Anglisht.

NATO’s role in Kosovo has been vital since the 1999 intervention and KFOR remains integral for guaranteeing security and stability not only in Republic of Kosovo but also the wider Western Balkans. Public sentiment for full NATO membership is extremely high in Kosovo—over 90% support—reflecting Kosovars’ enduring trust in the NATP alliance. However this overwhelming public support can be affected if Kosovo’s aspirations for closer ties with NATO are not addressed. While, Kosovo’s formal progress toward full membership is politically constrained by the fact that four NATO member states have yet to recognize its independence, there are other options that NATO can pursue to advance relations with Kosovo.  

In this context, this paper explores options how can Kosovo and NATO advance relations and cooperation. The 1995 study provides core principles for options that are examined in this paper. These principles remain highly relevant for Kosovo. While formal membership is stalled by non-recognizing NATO member states, the paper argues that an inclusive, step-by-step approach can be adapted for a flexible, deeper engagement with Kosovo.

A central recommendation is the creation of a “Kosovo Enhanced Cooperation Initiative,” a tailored version of NATO’s partnership mechanisms (e.g., Partnership for Peace, Planning and Review Process, and the Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre). KECI would aim to strengthen Kosovo’s defense institutions, enhance interoperability, support civil emergency preparedness, and develop broader crisis-management capabilities. Crucially, it would not force any change in the political stance on recognition among NATO member states.  

The EU-facilitated normalization dialogue between Republic of Kosovo and Serbia is one of the essential elements especially for Kosovo to build the confidence of both skeptical NATO member states and international partners when it comes to Euro-Atlantic integration process of the country. Regular coordination with NATO and the EU, particularly concerning sensitive actions in the north, would affirm that Kosovo’s leaders prioritize strategic partnerships and diplomacy over moves that risks and undermine support for Kosovo. Nevertheless, without any concrete carrots such as anything close to a guarantee that Kosovo gains an open perspective for NATO’s PfP, it is rather difficult for Kosovo to be encouraged to deliver on either an agreement with Serbia or any other agreement. 

Key takeaways from this paper are:

1. NATO should Create a Kosovo-Specific Partnership Track (KECI). NATO should adopt a Kosovo Enhanced Cooperation Initiative that expands training, joint exercises, and capacity-building under NATO oversight, something that NATO can do in the current context when four NATO member do not recognize Kosovo’s independence. This would align Kosovo’s defense reforms with NATO standards and deliver practical gains for both sides.
2. Maintain a Robust KFOR Presence; Keep KFOR well-resourced and present on the ground. Incidents like the Banjska terrorist attack show the region’s fragility and underscore the need for NATO’s continued deterrent role to reassure communities and deter destabilizing actions.
3. Leverage NATO’s Civil Emergency Tools: Use the Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre (EADRCC) and similar programs to train and coordinate on crisis management. By focusing on real-world needs—earthquakes, floods, public health threats—Kosovo can gain trust while delivering tangible benefits to its citizens.
4. Engage in Wider Euro-Atlantic Synergies; Kosovo’s path toward deeper NATO ties works best when it aligns with existing EU-led initiatives. Consistent messaging and coordinated projects—especially in the north—show that Kosovo is committed to regional stability and open to multilateral solutions.
5. NATO should Appoint a Special Representative for the Western Balkans; A dedicated representative would strengthen political engagement, counter malign influences, and align crisis prevention efforts with the EU and local actors. This role would underscore NATO’s commitment to the region and give Kosovo a direct channel for advancing partnership goals.